How brains form visual maps
NEW YORK, NY – Maps have played an important role in scientific progress. Claudius Ptolemaeus transformed our understanding of the world with his map of Earth and Tycho Brahe our understanding of the Universe with his map of the stars. The maps of the human body from Claudius Galenus, Leonardo da Vinci, and Andreas Vesalius paved the path towards modern medicine and recent progress in human brain mapping is helping us understand better who we are. Our brains have multiple maps that are needed to plan our movements, navigate our environments, and perceive the world through our senses. The brain maps of our visual world have been studied with greatest detail and provide an opportunity to understand how other brain maps form, organize and function. Intensive research over the past decades demonstrates that maps in the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex contain an intricate representation of multiple stimulus dimensions that include spatial location, eye input, light-dark polarity, orientation, and width. For example, a capital ‘I’ in this page is mapped in the primary visual cortex as ‘location [x, y], both eyes, dark, vertical, and thin’.
Mapping our visual world in a small piece of cortex can be challenging. Remarkably, species as different as primates, carnivores, and scandentia appear to follow a common strategy and all map stimulus orientation in a pinwheel pattern. In a new paper entitled “A Theory of Cortical Map Formation in the Visual Brain” that will be published in Nature Communications, scientists propose a theory that explains the diversity of visual maps in nature and the origin of pinwheel patterns in orientation maps. The theory proposes that map diversity emerges from variations in the sampling density of visual space. As sampling density increases during evolution, the cerebral cortex receives more neuronal inputs per visual point that are accommodated in larger cortical areas of larger brains. The larger cortical areas allow sorting the neuronal inputs in clusters that respond to the same stimulus properties: the same visual point, the same eye (left or right), and the same contrast polarity (light or dark). They also allow the inputs to combine into clusters of cortical neurons that maximize the diversity of stimuli extracted from each visual point. This maximization process creates a pinwheel pattern for stimulus orientation.
We are still far from gaining access to accurate maps of the human brain but having a theory of brain map formation is an important first step towards reaching this milestone. The theory that the authors propose still needs to pass the test of time, but it can already explain a large number of experimental observations. It also predicts a close topographic relation among all stimulus dimensions represented in a visual map, which greatly facilitates accurate reconstructions of the multi-dimensional maps needed for future cortical implants.
The work was done by Sohrab Najafian and collaborators in the laboratories of Dr. Jose Manuel Alonso at the State University of New York College of Optometry.
For more information about this study, please view the following links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=flEPDvzJmUY
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29433-y
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-brains-visual.html
Media Contact: Dawn Rigney, 212-938-5601, drigney@sunyopt.edu
Expert Contacts:
Sohrab Najafian (first author, snajafian@sunyopt.edu)
Jose-Manuel Alonso (Correspondence author, jalonso@sunyopt.edu)
Abstract from the Paper: The cerebral cortex receives multiple afferents from the thalamus that segregate by stimulus modality forming cortical maps for each sense. In vision, the primary visual cortex maps the multiple dimensions of the visual stimulus in patterns that vary across species for reasons unknown. Here we introduce a general theory of cortical map formation, which proposes that map diversity emerges from species variations in the thalamic afferent density sampling sensory space. In the theory, increasing afferent sampling density enlarges the cortical domains representing the same visual point, allowing the segregation of afferents and cortical targets by multiple stimulus dimensions. We illustrate the theory with an afferent-density model that accurately replicates the maps of different species through afferent segregation followed by thalamocortical convergence pruned by visual experience. Because thalamocortical pathways use similar mechanisms for axon segregation and pruning, the theory may extend to other sensory areas of the mammalian brain.
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About SUNY College of Optometry
Founded in 1971 and located in New York City, the State University of New York College of Optometry is a leader in education, research, and patient care, offering the Doctor of Optometry degree as well as MS and PhD degrees in vision science. The College conducts a robust program of basic, translational, and clinical research and has 65 affiliated clinical training sites as well as an on-site clinic, the University Eye Center. SUNY Optometry is regionally accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools; its four-year professional degree program and residency programs are accredited by the Accreditation Council on Optometric Education of the American Optometric Association. All classrooms, research facilities and the University Eye Center, which is one of the largest optometric outpatient facilities in the nation, are located on 42nd Street in midtown Manhattan. To learn more about SUNY Optometry, visit www.sunyopt.edu.